The
relationship between Black and White Holes.
Since they were first postulated by
Oppenheimer and Volkoff [1] Black Holes have been a popular area of science.
This is in part to their mysterious nature and also to them providing science
fiction writers with a handy Deus Ex in stories. In turn this has led to Black
Holes being part of everyday vocabulary and knowledge despite the fact that we
know very little of them. This mysterious nature was partially reinforced by
our inability to detect Black Holes and so prove their existence for much of
the 20th Century in fact it was only into the 1970s that laws explaining
how they could exist and be tracked were proven [2]. It has also been shown
that we can now detect Black Holes due to their radio frequency output [3].
There has also been links shown between
Black Holes and White Holes. The evidence supporting the relationship between
the two has been shown experimentally in laboratories and the red and blue
shift associated with light at their respective horizons [4]. The linking of
White and Black holes in a similar way to which two ends of an Einstein-Rosen
bridge link [5] is an interesting thought when we consider the nature of Black
Holes. Often we think of them as being similar to either an egg timer or a
funnel. This is our 2D way of resolving something in 4D which our minds can’t
comprehend. If ever you have seen a Black Hole on a film or television program
you may have seen that they appear to be disks which then funnel inwards
linking another part of space-time. However space time is not a 2D flat land
and so the disk idea of a Black Hole does not fit.
A better analogy for our minds to
understand is to imagine space-time as being something denser that we are
familiar with. If you can picture a giant swimming pool and imagine that the
swimming pool has objects suspended into it – similar to how space has planets
and stars. Now if we imagine something akin to a black marble suspended in the
water, then that would be more similar to a Black Hole than a disk like object.
The reason being that whichever angle we approach the Black Hole would be the
same as the other directions of approach. If we are in our swimming pool
universe then we could swim around the black marble and it would be identical
from all angles. This would be more in keeping with the high gravity present
than a disk shaped Black Hole.
Why is this analogy important? We have
evidence proving that Black and White Holes are able to exist in space-time [6]
[7] although as yet no way to identify White Holes then it is important to
consider their relationship to one another. The reason for this is that there
is an idea that they are joined together so that the Black Hole will lead to
the White Hole. If we consider the Black Hole to be the marble in a swimming
pool however, then there can be nowhere for it to lead to, at least not in our
perception of space and time. This is because you can move around the Black
Hole and not disturb any passage way it might be creating. As it is in an
environment which is at least 3D then there has to be another solution which
does not involve a drastic alteration of what is the fabric of reality. A
possible solution lies in the idea that our Universe is within a Black Hole,
and as such would be a White Hole [8]. In this idea imagine that a Black Hole
is within another Universe (U0). The Black Hole is absorbing matter from U0 and
expanding. Inside U0 the matter is able to be compressed and drawn together due
to gravity and form stars, nebulae and galaxies. As a result we could begin to
think of another Universe (U1) as having begun to exist within the confines of
the original U0 Black Hole. As the Black Hole begins to engulf more matter it
stands to reason that it would begin to expand, giving rise to our evidence of
an expanding universe. Also there is no reason for the U1 to have begun with a
Big Bang, which would still fit our models of the creation of everything and
also answer the question of where the initial matter came from. In this way we
have the inverse of a Black Hole present, a White Hole and our idea of the
cosmic marble works. It is just that the marble is gradually expanding.
This concept works if we accept that due to
scale it is possible for the Universe either U1 or U0 to be much larger than we
can ever imagine. In the same way that electrons are much smaller than human
minds are able to comprehend just by observing the macro structure of the
Universe. It does not however concern the formation of Einstein-Rosen Bridges
but just that Black Holes lead to White Holes. Only that instead of the White
Hole being another point in the same space time the White Hole is within the
Black Hole and present as a separate Universe, in this example U1.
Chris Gibson
09/06/2013
(881 Words)
References:
[1] J. R. Oppenheimer and G. M. Volkoff,
“On Massive Neutron Cores,” Phys. Rev. 55, 374 (1939).
[2] J. M. Bardeen,
B. Carter, S. W. Hawking, “The four laws of black hole mechanics”, Communications
in Mathematical Physics, Volume 31, Issue 2, pp 161-170 (1973).
[3] M. Lacy, S.A. Laurent-Muehleisen, S.E. Ridgway, R.H.
Becker, and R.L. White, “THE RADIO LUMINOSITY–BLACK HOLE MASS CORRELATION FOR
QUASARS FROM THE FIRST BRIGHT
QUASAR SURVEY AND
A “UNIFICATION SCHEME” FOR RADIO-LOUD AND RADIO-QUIET QUASARS”
The Astrophysical
Journal, 551:L17–L21, (2001).
[4] T. G. Philbin,
C.Kuklewicz, S.Robertson, S.Hill, F.König, U.Leonhardt, “Fiber-Optical Analog
of the Event Horizon”, Science 7, Vol.
319 no. 5868 pp. 1367-1370, (2008).
[5] Nikodem J.
Popławski, Radial motion into an Einstein–Rosen bridge, Physics Letters B,
Volume 687, Issues 2–3, (2010).
[6] R. Gomez, S.Husa, L.Lehner, J. Winicour,
“Gravitational Waves from a Fissioning White Hole”,
Phys.Rev. D66 (2002)
Phys.Rev. D66 (2002)
[7] G. E. Volovik,
“Hydraulic jump as a white hole, ”Journal of Experimental and Theoretical
Physics Letters, 82, Issue 10, pp 624-627 (2005).
[8] M.S.Berman,
“Is the Universe a white-hole?”, Astrophysics and Space Science, Volume 311,
Issue 4, pp 359-361, (2007).
